Sultan Mahmud II

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Sultan Mahmud II was born in Saray, July 1785. He is Sultan Abd Al-Hamid’s son and had a traditional education, including religious knowledge , knowledge of government , history and literary Arabic , Turkish and Persian. He was appointed as Sultan in 1807 and dead  in 1839. In 19 centuries, the condition of Turkey was broken because uncontrolable of politic from center government to regional government.

In the first part of the period of empire were occupied by the war with Russia and subjecting business areas that have a large autonomy of power, war with Russia was completed in 1812.  After his power as the central government of the Ottoman Empire grew stronger , Sultan Mahmud II saw that his time has come to start a renewal efforts that have long existed in his mind.

Sultan Mahmud II, known as the Sultan who does not want to be tied on the  tradition and does not hesitate to violate the old customs . Previous sultans regarded themselves was high and does not deserve to get along with people. Therefore, they always isolate themselves and submission of the people  about the stewardship of subordinates. Then arise their presumption which not like a normal human and State magistrates dared not sit when they met  Sultan.

This aristocratic tradition was violated by Mahmud II. He took a democratic attitude and always appeared in public to speak or cut the ribbon at the official ceremonies. Ministers and other dignitaries of the country make it a habit to sit together if he cames to. The kingdom clothing which was specified for the Sultan and the clothes commonly used by Ministers and other dignitaries exchange it with a more modest clothing. The signs of the majesty was lost, so that the common people were also encouraged to leave traditional clothing and replace it with western clothes. This eliminates the difference a change of clothes and a real social status appear in traditional clothing.

Incredible powers which according to tradition was owned by the Ottoman rulers to limit it. Pasha or Governor's power to impose the death punishment with a hand gesture was deleted. The punishment kill for the future can only will be issued by a judge. The confiscation of the property of the state are discarded or put to death also was deleted.

Sultan Mahmud II also makes changes in the organization of the Ottoman Empire rule. According to the tradition of the Ottoman Empire headed by a Sultan who have the temporal power and spiritual power. As an authority, he wears  the title of Sultan and as a spiritual header of Muslims he wears the title of Caliph. Thus, the Ottoman king has two forms of power, authority and power to rule the State broadcast and defend Islam.

The important changes are held by Sultan Mahmud II and who later had a great influence on the development of the reform in the Ottoman Empire is a change in education. As in the other Muslim world at that time, school was the only public institution in the Ottoman Empire. School only taught religion, while general Knowledge is not taught. Sultan Mahmud II realized that traditional School education no longer compatible with the demands of the times of the 19th century.

In the his reign the people less enterprise entering their children to the school and prioritize send them learn practical skills in industrial companies. Therefore, he is making changes in the curriculum to increase knowledge-school common knowledge in it, such as in other Muslim world at that time was difficult. Traditional school is still running but beside the Sultan founded two schools of general knowledge. Mekteb-i Ulum-u Edebiye (School of Literature). Students for these two schools was selected from high quality School graduates.

In addition, Sultan Mahmud II also built  the Military School, School of Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Surgery. School graduates continue teaching in many Schools recently established. In addition to establishing the School of Sultan Mahmud II also sent students to Europe that after returning to their homeland also have an influence in the spread of new ideas in the Ottoman Empire.

The reforms of Sultan Mahmud II (in the top) held that the basis for the next reform  of thought and effort in the Ottoman Empire of the 19th century and 20th century Turkey .

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